Audio Imaging Lesson: Loudspeaker Boxes

Speaker Boxes

Which of the above speakers do you think will inherently provide better imaging? Read on to find out.

This week we read a section of an upcoming white paper by Art Noxon, PE Acoustical, covering the topic of Imaging in high end audio reproduction. Enjoy!

Speaker boxes typically are 3-way systems. They have a woofer 45 – 250 Hz, mid-range speaker 250 – 2k Hz and a tweeter 2k-20k. A 3-way speaker plays full musical bandwidth with just 3 speakers. Clearly, the mid and tweeter drivers are the imaging part of the speaker system.

Modern speaker boxes are generally smooth and rounded. Old school “classic” boxes have square corners, and worse yet, grill covers with mounting trim strips that holds the fabric flat. Is this just styling… or is it?

In the beginning of Hifi, the goal was “high fidelity”, in other words to have musical sounding sound emanating from the speaker. Once the fidelity part of speaker making was figured out a new concept became in vogue – imaging. Why is it that old school speakers don’t image as well as modern speakers? Edge reflection and diffraction effects.

The speaker grill trim causes edge reflections in the higher frequency wavelengths, 3” and shorter, 4k Hz and higher, pretty much found in the harmonics above the highest note in the piano keyboard.

The edge effects meant that the speaker was delivering a strong direct signal followed by multiple high frequency reflections off the edge strip of the speaker grill cloth. This creates an unclear, foggy or diffused image. The fuzzy image is located roughly somewhere but it is not a clear “pinpoint” image.
Next, the grill cloth frames were removed from speakers but that didn’t help improve things much because of the edge diffraction effect, Edge diffraction is when a sound wave suddenly reaches a corner and rapidly expands around the corner, causing an over shoot of air movement which created a time-delayed, reversed-phase back-wave coming off the edges of the box. This is in the range between 1k and 4k Hz.
Speaker arrays tended to be symmetrical relative to the front corners of the speaker box. This caused the edge reflection and diffraction effects to occur at the same time, at the same wavelengths/frequencies. Later, the positions of the speakers began to be located asymmetrically relative to the edges of the box. This way the edge effects, whatever they were, were not all happening at the same frequency.

Finally, the modern box design evolved, sporting no stretch fabric speaker grill frames and no sharp corners. This rounded style of speaker box design and construction greatly eliminates the secondary edge-effect wave generation and allows speakers to produce more crystal-clear imaging.

Go to Top